Crosslinkable composition

ABSTRACT

An RMA crosslinkable composition for making thick coating layers having at least one crosslinkable component comprising reactive components A and B each including at least 2 reactive groups wherein the at least 2 reactive groups of component A are acidic protons (C—H) in activated methylene or methine groups, and the at least 2 reactive groups of component B are activated unsaturated groups (C═C), to achieve crosslinking by Real Michael Addition reaction, the composition further including a base catalyst (C), an X—H group containing component (D) that is also a Michael addition donor reactable with component B under the action of catalyst C, wherein X is C, N, P, O or S and a sag control component (E). A crosslinkable composition is also disclosed for preparing thick coating layers having a dry thickness of at least 70 mu having a surface appearance and hardness of the resulting cured composition.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/246,257 filed on 7 Apr. 2014, which is a continuation ofPCT/EP2012/069906 file on 8 Oct. 2012, which claims priority fromEuropean application number 11184439.5 filed on 7 Oct. 2011. Allapplications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a crosslinkable compositioncrosslinkable by Real Michael Addition (RMA) reaction wherein acomponent with at least 2 activated unsaturated groups (hereafter alsoreferred to as the RMA acceptor) and a component with at least 2 acidicprotons C—H in activated methylene or methine groups (hereafter alsoreferred to as the RMA donor) react and crosslink to each other in thepresence of a strong base catalyst.

2. Description of the Related Art

RMA chemistry can be tuned to give very fast curing compositions also atlower curing temperatures) in coating compositions at acceptable or goodpot lives and good material properties, which makes this chemistry veryattractive as a basis for coating compositions. Details of RMAcross-linkable compositions using a latent based cross-linking catalystare described in application PCT/EP2011/055463 which is herewithincorporated by reference.

-   -   a. Real Michael addition is activated by strong bases, but also        inhibited b the presence of acidic species that will consume        these basic catalysts. In tuning the reactivity of coating        systems in view of achieving a desirable drying profile, there        are various requirements to balance. The drying profile (also        referred to as the reaction profile or as the curing profile) is        the progress of the cross-linking reaction as a function of        time. It is required that the drying profile allows build-up of        mechanical properties as fast as possible, to help the        productivity of the coater. It is further also required to have        a drying profile that is robust, i.e. the reactivity (and hence        the resulting drying profile) is not strongly influenced by        accidental low levels of acidic contaminants being present.

On the other hand it is required to have a good appearance of theresulting coating. This implies the need for sufficient levelling youare during the immediate period after application, when the curingcoating composition is present as a liquid and capable of suchlevelling. This also implies the need for absence of artefacts likesolvent inclusions or gas inclusions or other surface irregularitiesthat may occur if curing is very fast, especially if it is faster at thesurface than in deeper layers, which is often the case if curing occursat the time scale of solvent evaporation or surface activation of acatalyst. Also film hardness build-up will be affected under conditionsin which solvent entrapment occurs.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

There is also a desire for crosslinkable compositions that can be simplycured in ambient conditions as opposed to for example compositionscomprising photo-latent amine catalysts, known from T. Jung et al Farbeund Lacke October 2003. Such photo-latent amine catalysts that dogenerate a strong base on UV radiation, are not suitable for coatingmore complex irregular substrates where parts of the surfaces are notreachable with UV or visible light, or for highly pigmented systems.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The features and advantages of the invention will be appreciated uponreference to the following drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates the conversion of the acryloyl (as followed by FTIRat 809 cm⁻¹) in the preferred acryloyl/malonate system using succinimidas component D.

FIGS. 2 to 7 are microscope pictures of the cured coatings on panels atapproximately 100 mu dry film thickness.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The following is a description of certain embodiments of the invention,given by way of example only and with reference to the drawings.

According to the invention there is provided a RMA crosslinkablecomposition for making thick coating layers comprising at least onecrosslinkable component comprising reactive components A and B eachcomprising at least 2 reactive groups wherein the at least 2 reactivegroups of component A are acidic protons (C—H) in activated methylene ormethine groups (the RMA donor group), and the at least 2 reactive groupsof component B are activated unsaturated groups (C═C) (the RMA acceptorgroup), to achieve crosslinking by Real Michael Addition (RMA) reaction,said composition further comprising a base catalyst (C), an X—H groupcontaining component (D) that is also a Michael addition donor reactablewith component B under the action of catalyst C, wherein X is C, N, P, Oor S and a sag control component (E).

In a preferred cross-linkable composition according the invention theRMA acceptor groups B are acryloyl groups and preferably the RMA donorgroups A predominantly are malonate groups.

The inventors have found that by using X—H group containing component Das described in an catalysed RMA crosslinkable composition, it ispossible to create a reactivity profile comprising an initial inductiontime of lowered reaction rate directly after application and activationof the system, followed by a relative increase of reactivity in laterstages. This induction time can be tuned, to allow a “open time” theperiod allowing flow and solvent and entrapped air bubbles to escape Theinduction time allows a significantly higher amount of flow andlevelling of the system, avoiding surface defects that may result fromvery fast cure without these additives, and better hardness build-up dueto reduced solvent entrapment, while still benefiting from the fullpotential of the catalysts beyond this induction time, thus creating anacceleration of the reaction at later stages to complete crosslinking athigher rate than would be found if simply using lower catalyst levels.Also the high sensitivity of lower catalyst levels towards accidentallypresent acid contaminations is avoided.

Although the advantages of the invention are apparent in layers ofnormal thickness, the crosslinkable composition according to theinvention is particularly suitable for making thick layers. Thick layersare considered to be layers having a cured dry thickness of at least 70micrometers. In thick layer applications the risk of air and solventinclusions is higher. This is particularly pronounced in RMAcrosslinkable compositions that are cured at low temperature in therange from 10 to 60° C. where resins are more viscous and levelling isdifficult. Further, it is of particular importance that the nature ofthe solvent, and the relative amounts in a solvent mixture areappropriately chosen to give good appearance of the thick coating, andavoid excessive solvent entrapment and resulting plastization. Thecriticality of the choice also depends on the way and the temperature ofapplication of the coating composition on the substrate: for examplespraying generally results in air inclusion, that must have anopportunity to escape from the film. If the solvent is too volatile,evaporation and cure may be too quick and air bubbles may be entrappedin the cured at coating. There should be sufficient time to allow air toescape from the uncured coating layer. If the solvent is not volatileenough solvent may be entrapped because the coating is cured faster thansolvent evaporated, further solvent diffusion being extremely slow atfull cure conditions. There should be sufficient ‘open time’ to allowsolvent to escape from the curing coating layer. The skilled person candetermine the optimum conditions and choice of the solvent in view ofminimizing the air and solvent inclusions. However, this becomesincreasingly difficult for thick layers. A particular advantage of theinvention is that the open time is significantly increased so that notonly good leveling is achieved but also the solvent inclusion and airinclusion is minimized and the criticality of choosing the applicationconditions and solvent type and amount is reduced.

The effect obtained according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 1which describes the conversion of the acryloyl (as followed by FTIR at809 cm−1) in the preferred acryloyl/malonate system using succinimid ascomponent D. The crosslinkable composition without component D has avery quick hardness build up (open diamond). The profile of the samecomposition with component D (closed diamond) shows that the open timemodifying component D creates an induction time in the reactivityprofile in which the conversion is slowed down and after which theconversion accelerates to give fast cure completion. This effect cannotsimply be obtained by choosing a lower amount of catalyst C.

The components in the crosslinkable composition form an acid-baseequilibrium system. The reactivity profile of the crosslinkablecomposition is the result of the choice of relative pKa values of theacidic components A and D in the composition that contribute to theacid-base equilibrium system and the relative reactivity of thedeprotonated forms of the components towards component B.

The X—H group in component D has a higher acidity than the C—H groups incomponent A, preferably being characterized in that component D has apKa (defined in aqueous environment) of at least one unit, preferablytwo units, less than that of component A. Preferably the pKa of the X—Hgroup in component D is lower than 13, preferable lower than 12, morepreferably lower than 11 most preferably lower than 10. An excessiveacidity may create problems with components in the catalyst system;therefore hence the pKa is preferably higher than 7, more preferably 8,more preferably higher than 8.5. The acidity difference assures that onapplication of the coating, component D is activated (deprotonated)preferentially over component A.

Suitable components D can be chosen on the basis of pKa values asindicated from the group consisting of succinimide (9.5), ethosuximide(9.3), 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (10.2), 1,2,4-triazole (10.2),1,2,3-triazole (9.4), benzotriazole (8.2), benzenesulfonamide (10.1),nitromethane (10.2), isatine (10.3), uracil (9.9),4-nitro-2-methylimidazole (9.6), phenol (10.0), ethylacetoacetate(10.7), acetylacetone (9.0), diethylmalonate (13.0).

It is preferred that component D has a reactivity in a Michael additiontowards component B such that, when present in a mixture alongside theC—H functional groups of component A and a base catalyst, it willconvert relatively faster, compared to the C—H of component A. Thispreference of D converting faster than A helps creating an inductiontime. Such a preference can be established by formulation bothcomponents A and D (or model compounds with similar functional groups)in similar amounts, with a limited amount of a component with similarfunctional groups as component B (e.g. butylacrylate, such that theamount of RMA donor groups to RMA acceptor groups is 2 to 1), andcompleting the Michael addition in the presence of a base, and analyzingthe results with a suitable technique, e.g with LC or NMR. Theconditions (e.g. temperature) are then best chosen close to theconditions to used in curing. As a first guideline, this can done underroom temperature conditions.

It is further preferred that component D has a reactivity towards aMichael addition when activated with a base, which is lower by at leasta factor 3 compared to that of the C—H groups in component A, wheneither is tested under comparable conditions in a formulation at roomtemperature with excess of RMA acceptor groups B, and in presence of abase at least able to deprotonate 1 mole % of the RMA donor. The lowerreactivity of D anions towards B compared to that of A anions, helpscreating an induction time. When considering its application for othercuring temperatures, this relative reactivity is best determined atadjusted temperatures.

The catalyst C is mixed with components A and B shortly before use.Components A and B are usually stored together and should have a longshelf life. Component D can be mixed and stored with catalyst C or withcomponents A and B. In particular in the latter case, in view ofmaintaining acceptable pot life and shelf life, it is preferred that theX—H group of component D is not too highly reactive towards theComponent B (eg acryloyl) in absence of the base catalyst C; ie withoutactivation by a base. Therefore, it is preferred that the component Dhas a reactivity in a Michael addition towards component B such that,without base activation, it has a room-temperature half-time whendissolved in butylacrylate of more than 30 minutes, preferably more than1 hour, preferably more than 2 hours, preferably more than 4 hours, morepreferably more than 8 hours, still more preferably more than 24 hours,most preferably more than 72 hours.

Preferably component D is selected from one or more compounds from thegroup of Compounds D1 comprising C—H acidic protons (X is C) inactivated methylene or methine groups and Compounds D2 comprising N—Hacidic compound (X is N).

Suitable components D2 are an aza-acidic compounds (X is N) preferablycomprising a molecule containing the N—H as part of a group—(C═O)—NH—(C═O)—, or of a group —NH—(O═S═O)— or a heterocycle in whichthe nitrogen of the N—H group is contained in a heterocyclic ring, morepreferably component D2 is an imide derivative, preferably an(optionally substituted) succinimide or glutarimide.

Other suitable components D2 are hydantoin derivatives, for example5,5-dimethylhydrantoin, sulfonamides, for example aromatic sulfonamidesas benzene- or toluenesulfonamide or heterocyclic compounds, for exampletriazoles or a pyrazoles, or a uracil derivative.

In the crosslinkable composition, the X—H groups in component D arepresent in an amount corresponding to at least 50 mole %, preferable atleast 100 mole %, most preferably at least 150 mole % relative to theamount of base to be generated by catalyst C. The appropriate amount isvery much determined by the acid base characteristics of component Drelative to component A, and the reactivity of the corresponding anionsrelative to B, so may vary for different systems. It is noted that theopen time improving effect can in some cases be obtained at very smallamounts of component D, which is very advantageous because such smallamounts do not or not significantly affect the properties of theresulting cured composition; for example the chemical and mechanicalproperties of a coating. Typically the X—H groups in component D arepresent in an amount corresponding to no more than 30 mole %, preferablyno more than 20, more preferably no more than 10, most preferably nomore than 5 mole % relative to C—H donor groups from component A.

It should be noted that component D may be present in its deprotonatedform (in acid base equilibrium with other components). Amounts forcomponent D referred to include both the neutral as well as thedeprotonated form. This implies that if present in amounts of more than100% relative to a base catalyst C, components C and D may be inequilibrium such that effectively the deprotonated form of D is presentas the dominant species to initiate further RMA cure (rather thencoexist as basic (C) and acidic (D) species in the formulation).Preferably, the X—H functionality (number of groups per molecule) ofcomponent D is low, preferably less than 4, more preferably less than 2,most preferably it is 1.

The crosslinkable composition may comprise next to one or more differentcomponents D a component D1 comprising acidic protons (C—H) in activatedmethylene or methine groups having a higher acidity than component A andwhich are also is reactive towards component B, Such component D1 canalso contribute to the open time improving effect, however in order tohave a significant effect D1 should be typically be present in an amountbetween 10-40 mol % (relative to total RMA C—H), which is asignificantly higher amount than for component D.

The difference in acidity of the two C—H acidic components A and D1 ischosen preferably in that wherein the pKa of component D1 is between 0.5and 6, preferably between 1 and 5 and more preferably between 1.5 and 4units lower than the pKa of component A. Preferably, component A is amalonate containing component and component D1 is an acetoacetate oracetylacetone containing component, preferably of low C—H functionality(preferably less than 10, more preferably less than 5, most preferablyit is no more than 2.

Component A

Suitable examples of components A containing activated methylene ormethine groups are well known in the art. Preferred are the oligomericand/or polymeric A group containing components such as, for example,polyesters, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, epoxy resins, polyamides andpolyvinyl resins containing groups A in the main chain, pendant or both.

Component A preferably is malonate or acetoacetate. Componentscontaining both malonate and acetoacetate groups in the same moleculeare also suitable. Additionally, physical mixtures of malonate andacetoacetate group-containing components are suitable.

In a most preferred embodiment of the crosslinkable composition,component A is a malonate containing compound. It is preferred that inthe crosslinkable composition the majority of the activated C—H groupsare from malonate, that is more than 50%, preferably more than 60%, morepreferably more than 70%, most preferably more than 80% of all activatedC—H groups in the crosslinkable composition are from malonate. Inanother embodiment, the crosslinking composition comprises a componentA, for example a polymer, wherein more than 50%, preferably more than70%, more preferably more than 80% and most preferably more than 90% ofthe activated C—H groups are from malonate and a separate component, forexample another polymer, oligomer or monomer, comprising activated C—Hgroups not from malonate, for example acetoacetate.

Especially preferred malonate group-containing components for use withthe present invention are the malonate group-containing oligomeric orpolymeric esters, ethers, urethanes and epoxy esters containing 1-50,more preferably 2-10, malonate groups per molecule. In practicepolyesters and polyurethanes are preferred. It is also preferred thatsuch malonate group-containing components have a number averagemolecular weight (Mn) in the range of from about 100 to about 5000, morepreferably, 250-2500, and an acid number of about 2 or less. Alsomonomalonates can be used as they have 2 reactive C—H per molecule.Monomeric malonates can, in addition, be used as reactive diluents.

Component B

Components B generally can be ethylenically unsaturated components inwhich the carbon-carbon double bond is activated by anelectron-withdrawing group, a carbonyl group in the alpha-position.Suitable components B are known in the art, for example acryloyl esters,acrylamides, alternatively polyesters based upon maleic, fumaric and/oritaconic acid (and maleic and itaconic anhydride and polyesters,polyurethanes, polyethers and/or alkyd resins containing pendantactivated unsaturated groups. Acrylates, fumarates and maleates arepreferred. Most preferably, the component B is an unsaturated acryloylfunctional component.

It is also especially preferred that the acid value of the activatedunsaturated group-containing components (as of any of other componentused in the composition) is sufficiently low to not substantially impairactivity of the catalyst, so preferably less than about 2, mostpreferably less than 1 mg KOH/g. As exemplified by the previouslyincorporated references, these and other activated unsaturatedgroup-containing components, and their methods of production, aregenerally known to those skilled in the art, and need no furtherexplanation here. Preferably the functionality is 2-20, the equivalentweight (EQW: average molecular weight per reactive functional group) is100-2000, and the number average molecular weight preferably is Mn200-5000.

The advantages of the invention are particularly manifest in criticallydifficult compositions comprising not only a high solids content butalso aimed at a high crosslinking density, with relative highconcentrations and functionalities of functional groups, for example incase the component A is a compound, in particular an oligomer orpolymer, comprising an average of 2 to 30, preferably 4 to 20 and morepreferably 4-10 activate C—H per polymer chain.

It is also possible that component A and B are present in hybridmolecules containing both types of functional groups.

Typically, the concentrations of the functional groups in components Aand B, and their relative stoichiometry, are chosen such that good filmproperties following cure may be expected, with efficient use of thesefunctional groups. Typically, stoichiometries C—H/C═C are chosen to befrom 0.1 to 10, preferably 0.5 to 3, more preferably 0.7 to 3, mostpreferably 0.8/1.5. For this ratio, the X—H of component D is added tothe C—H groups of component A.

Component C

The base catalyst C can in principle be any known catalyst suitable forcatalyzing RMA reactions. Preferably, in view of achieving good pot-lifein combination with low temperature curing, the crosslinkablecomposition comprises a catalyst system C comprising a strong basedblocked by a volatile acid which is activated by evaporation of thisacid. A suitable catalyst system C comprises a strong base blocked by acarbon dioxide, or the blocked catalytic species are of formula ROCO2-,R being an optionally substituted alkyl, preferably C1-C4 radical orhydrogen, preferably the catalyst comprises a blocked base anion andanon-acidic cation, preferably a quaternary ammonium or phosphoniumcation. It is preferred that the crosslinking catalyst is utilized in anamount ranging between 0.001 and 0.3 meq/g preferably between 0.01 and0.2 meq/g solids, more preferably between 0.02 and 0.1 meq/g solids(meq/g solids defined as mmoles base relative to the total dry weight ofthe crosslinkable composition, not counting particulate fillers orpigments). Suitable catalyst C is described in PCT/EP2011/055463herewith incorporated by reference. Alternatively, the catalyst system Cis activated by reaction of an epoxy component with a tertiary amine, oran anion.

For the CO2 deblocking catalyst systems, it was surprisingly found thatsignificantly better potlife could be achieved in a composition whereincomponent A is a malonate, which composition further comprises 0.1-10 wt%, preferably 0.1-5, more preferably 0.2-3 and most preferably 0.5-2 wt% water (relative to total weight of the coating composition).Preferably, the amount of water is chosen in an effective amount toincrease gel time with at least 15 minutes, preferably at least 30 min,more preferably at least 1 h, even more preferably at least 5 h, andmost preferably at least 24 h, 48 h. or at least 10%, 50% or 100%compared to the same composition without water.

Component E

For preparing thick coating layers having a dry thickness of at least70, 80, 90, or more than 100 and in particular at least 125 micrometerthe cross linking composition preferably also comprises a sag controlagent (SCA). At low temperature curing conditions used in RMA curing thechoice of the SCA is particularly important in view of obtaining goodsurface and optical properties. Suitable SCA's having low haze aredescribed in EP0198519 which describes a thixotropic coating compositioncomprising (1) a binder and (2) 0.1 to 30 percent by weight of solidparticles of a diurea sag control agent, having a particle size of from0.01 to 50 microns, which is the reaction product of (a) a symmetricalaliphatic or homocyclic diisocyanate and (b) a monoamine or diaminecontaining at least a primary amino group and an ether group. EP0192304describes suitable SCA's based on isocyanurate.

Preferred SCA's for low temperature use are described in EP1641887 andEP1641888 which are a rheology control agents (SCA) obtainable byreacting one or more polyisocyanates with one or more monoamines or byreacting one or more polyamines with one or more monoisocyanates to forma polyurea compound, wherein at least one of the mono- or polyamine ormono- or polyisocyanate is optically active, not as racemic mixture,having a chiral carbon atom adjacent to an amine or isocyanate group.

Most preferred SCA's are described in EP1902081 describing a thixotropicagent SCA comprising a first polyurea reaction product of a firstpolyisocyanate with a first amine and a second polyurea reaction productof a second polyisocyanate with a second amine different from the firstpolyurea reaction product precipitated in the presence of the colloidalparticles of the first reaction product. This SCA is used in theexamples. EP1838747 describes a blend of 2 SCA's having differentmelting temperatures.

SCA is preferably made in the donor resin but can also be made in theacceptor resin composition by in-situ reacting the isocyanate with aamine compound.

The crosslinking composition can comprise a solvent. For CO2 deblockingcatalyst systems, the inventors further found that advantages can beachieved in pot life d if in the crosslinkable composition at least partof the solvent is a primary alcohol solvent. The solvent can be amixture of a non-alcoholic solvent and an alcohol solvent. Preferably,the alcohol is present in an amount of at least 1, preferably 2, morepreferably 3, most preferably at least 5, even more preferably at least10 wt % relative to the total weight of the crosslinkable compositionand in view of VOC constraints preferably at most 45, preferably at most40 wt %, most preferably less than 30 wt %.

The alcohol solvent preferably is one or more primary alcohols, morepreferably a mono-alcohol having 1 to 20, preferably 1-10, morepreferably 1-6 carbon atoms, preferably selected from the group ofethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, n-amyl alcohol and butylglycol

In summary the crosslinkable composition according to the inventioncomprises

-   a. between 5 and 95 wt % of a component A with at least 2 acidic    protons C—H in activated methylene or methanemethine, and-   b. between 5 and 95 wt % of a component B with at least 2 activated    unsaturated groups (wt % relative to the total weight of the    crosslinkable composition) and-   c. a catalyst system C that contains, or is able to generate a basic    catalyst capable of activating the RMA reaction between components A    and B, at levels of 0.0001 and 0.5 meq/g solid components-   d. an amount of component D present in quantities of at least 50    mole % relative to base generated by component C, and preferably    less than 30 mole % of C—H active groups from component A-   e. optionally a sag control agent (SCA),-   f. optionally between 0.1 and 80 wt % of solvent (preferably less    than 45 wt %), preferably containing at least 1 wt % of a primary    alcohol,-   g. optionally at least 0.5 wt % water.

Considering that the crosslinkable composition is a 2K composition whichis only formed shortly before the actual use, the invention also relatesto a kit of parts for the manufacture of the composition according tothe invention comprising a part 1 comprising components A and B and part2 comprising component C and D or alternatively a part 1 comprisingcomponents A, B and D and part 2 comprising component C.

The invention also relates to the use of the component D as describedabove as an additive to RMA cross-linkable compositions, in particularfor preparing thick coating layers having a dry thickness of at least50, preferably at least 60, 75, 100 and more preferably at least 125micrometer, for the improvement of the open time of the crosslinkablecomposition and for the improvement of the appearance and hardness ofthe resulting cured composition, in particular a coating.

In the crosslinkable composition is in such a way the nature and amountof component D is chosen to yield, under the application and curingconditions chosen, an increase in time to get to a 30% conversion level,of at least 3, preferably 5, more preferably 10 minutes, preferably lessthan 60, more preferably less than 30 minutes, when compared to the samecomposition without component D.

The invention also relates to the use of the crosslinking compositionaccording to the invention in a method for the manufacture of coatingcompositions, films or inks and to coating compositions, inks or filmscomprising the crosslinking composition according to the invention andfurther application oriented additives for example one or more coatingadditives like pigments, co-binder, solvents etc. It was found that RMAcrosslinkable coating compositions, in particular also the compositionfor preparing thick layers herein described in thick layer applications,preferably have aminosilane as promotors of adhesion to substrates inparticular on metal substrates like steel. Surprisingly high adhesionpromotion was observed even at very low amounts between 0.1 and 2 wt %and even lower than 1.5, 1% or 0.5 wt % (total wt of the crosslinkablecomposition).

The invention also relates to a process for making a coating layerhaving a fully cured dry thickness of at least 70, 75, 80 or 100 andmore preferably at least 125 micrometer and having a good surfaceappearance and hardness of the resulting cured composition comprisingmixing the components A, B, D with catalyst D shortly before use to forma coating composition according to the invention, applying a layer ofthe coating composition on a substrate and allowing the curing thereofat temperature between 0 and 60° C.

SUCCINIMID EXAMPLES

The foregoing more general discussion of the present invention will befurther illustrated by the following specific examples, which areexemplary only.

Molecular weights were measured by GPC in THF, and expressed inpolystyrene equivalent weights.

Viscosities were measured with a TA Instruments AR2000 Rheometer, usinga cone and plate setup (cone 4 cm 1°) at 1 Pa stress.

Tube and Ball Method for Pot Life Determination:

A flat bottomed test tube (internal diameter 15 mm, length 12.5 cm),carrying two marks, 5 cm apart is filled with 20 ml of paint. A steelball with a diameter of 8 mm is added, and the tube is closed with asnap cap. The tube is held under an angle of 10° and the steel ball isallowed to roll on the wall of the test tube. The time needed to rollbetween the two marks is taken as a measure for the viscosity. The timeneeded to double in viscosity is taken as the pot life. If necessarythis time is calculated by linear interpolation between twomeasurements. This method was used for the pigmented formulations. Forthe clear formulations, a glass test tube (length 12 cm, diameter 13 mm)was filled with a stainless steel ball of 12 mm diameter, and theformulation to be studied to leave a very limited head space, andclosed. Time was recorded for the ball to fall and pass a distance of 5cm when the tube was tilted vertically. An average was taken over 2measurements.

Drying Recorder Drying Time:

For determining the recorder drying time, paint was applied on a glasspanel with a doctor blade with a 90μ gap. The drying time was measuredwith a Gardco electronic drying time recorder, type DT-5020, set on acycle time of 60 minutes. Drying time was recorded as the time were thestylus left no more visible trace on the film.

TNO Cotton Ball Drying Times:

Dust-dry and tack-free times were measured according to the so-calledTNO method with a wad of cotton-wool. Dust-dry time means the timeneeded for the coating after dropping the wad on the surface of thecoating and after leaving it there for 10 seconds, to get no residue ofthe wool-cotton sticking onto the surface after blowing away the wad.For tack-free time the same holds but now a weight load of 1 kg isapplied on the wad for 10 seconds.

Persoz Hardness Measurement:

Persoz pendulum hardness was measured in a climatized room at 23° C.,and 55+/−5% relative humidity. Hardness is measured with a pendulum ace.Persoz as described in ASTM D 4366. For the gradient layer thicknesspanels, hardness is measured at different spots and corresponding layerthickness is measured. If necessary the hardness at a certain layerthickness is calculated by linear interpolation of the measurement attwo different layer thicknesses. Layer thicknesses were measured with aFischer Permascope MP40E-S.

Optical Evaluation Spayed Pigmented Paints:

Paint was sprayed with a devilbiss spraygun, nozzle FF-1.4 with an airpressure of 3.5 bar. The paint was prayed in a continuous layer over theentire surface of a 55×10 cm steel panel. A consecutive layer wassprayed starting 10 cm from the right edge. Several layers were builtup, moving to the right so that a layer thickness gradient was build upfrom the left to right. Films were allowed to dry horizontally at 23°C., 45% RH. Layer thicknesses were measured with a Fischer PerrnascopeMP40E-S. At 100μ layer thickness, a picture was taken with an OlympusSZX10 microscope (1× magn) equipped with a digital camera.

Wavescan Analysis:

The panels as described above were analyzed using the Wavescan II of Bykinstruments. Data were stored using Autochart software from Byk.Analysis was done in the direction perpendicular to the thicknessgradient. In this instrument the light of small laser diode is reflectedby the surface of the sample under an angle of 60°, and the reflectedlight is detected at the gloss angle (60° opposite). During themeasurement, the “wave-scan” is moved across the sample surface over ascan length of approx. 10 cm, with a data point being recorded every0.027 mm. The surface structure of the sample modulates the light of thelaser diode. The signal is divided into 5 wavelength ranges in the rangeof 0.1-30 mm and processed by mathematical filtering. For each of the 5ranges a characteristic value (Wa 0.1-0.3 mm, Wb 0.3-1.0 mm, Wc 1.0-3.0mm, Wd 3.0-10 mm, We 10-30 mm) as well as the typical wave-scan-valueslongwave (LW, approx. 1-10 mm) and shortwave (SW, approx. 0.3-1 mm) iscalculated. Low values mean a smooth surface structure. Additionally aLED light source is installed in the wave-scan DOI and illuminates thesurface under 20 degrees after passing an aperture. The scattered lightis detected and a so-called dullness value (du, <0.1 mm) is measured. Byusing the three values of the short wave range Wa, Wb and du a DOI valueis calculated. (see Osterhold e.a., Progress in Organic Coatings, 2009,vol. 65, no4, pp. 440-443).

The following abbreviations were used for chemicals us d in theexperiments: DiTMPTA is di-trimethylolpropane-tetraacrylate (obtainedfrom Aldrich (MW=466 g/mol)) or used as Sartomer SR355 (suppliedcommercially by Sartomer); Disperbyk 163 is a dispersant commerciallysupplied by Byk; Byk 310 and 315 are additives commercially supplied byByK; Kronos 2310 is a TiO2 pigment commercially supplied by Kronos, TBAHis tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, BuAc is Butyl acetate, MEK is Methylethyl ketone (2-Butanone); EtAcAc is ethyl acetoacetate; DEC is diethylcarbonate; IPA is isopropanol; RT is room temperature.

Preparation of Malonate Polyester A

Into a reactor provided with a distilling column filed with Raschigrings were brought 17.31 mol of neopentyl glycol, 8.03 mol ofhexahydrophthalic anhydride and 0.0047 mol of butyl stannoic acid. Themixture was polymerised at 240° C. under nitrogen to an acid value of0.2 mg KOH/g. The mixture was cooled down to 130° C. and 10.44 mol ofdiethylmalonate was added. The reaction mixture was heated to 170° C.and ethanol was removed under reduced pressure. The nearly colourlessmaterial was cooled down and diluted with 420 g of butyl acetate to a90% solid content. The final resin had an acid value of 0.3 mg KOH/gsolids, an OH value of 20 mg KOH/g solids and a weight average molecularweight of 3400 Da.

Catalyst Solution C1

Catalyst solution was prepared by reacting 59.4 g a TBAH solution (40%in water) with 13.5 g DEC (reacting overnight at RT), with 14.5 gisopropanol as co-solvent, following the corresponding ethocarbonatespecies development. Titration indicated that blocking was complete, andthat the concentration of blocked base was 0.83 meq/g solution.

Catalyst Solution C2

To 43.6 g of a 45% aqueous solution of TBAH were added 36.6 g ofisopropanol and 60 g of DEC. After standing overnight the mixture wasfiltered over paper. Titration showed that the catalyst contained 0.52meq of blocked base per gram solution.

Comparative Example Formulation 1, Example Formulations 1-4

Formulations were prepared based on a malonate donor resin A, DiTMPTA asacryloyl donor resin, and the indicated amount of succinimide, andthinned to a viscosity of 160 mPas with a mixture of MEK/BuAc 1:1 byvolume. This was mixed with an amount of catalyst solution C1. Listed intable A are the details of the overall composition. Catalyst amounts are50 meq/g solids, water levels are 1.8 wt %, isopropanol at 0.7 wt %,ethanol level estimated at 0.2 wt %.

TABLE A Code Comp1 Ex1 Ex2 Ex3 Ex4 malonate ester A/g 15.0 15.0 15.015.0 15.0 di-TMPTA/g 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 succinimide/mg 0 149 174 199298 mole % succinimide on cat 0 150 175 200 300 MEK/BuAc (1:1)/g 4.5 4.54.5 4.5 4.5 catalyst C1/g 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Of these formulations, the drying behaviour at room temperature forfilms leading to a dry film thickness of around 70-75 mu was followedwith TNO cotton ball drying tests, and Persoz pendulum hardnessdevelopment was determined; also these results are listed in Table B.

TABLE B Code Comp1 Ex1 Ex2 Ex3 Ex4 mole % succinimide on cat  0 150 175200 300 TNO-drying dust-dry (min)  10′   25′   25′   30′   65′ tack-free(min)  10′   30′   30′   35′   70′ Persoz hardness (sec) after time atRT: 4 h 31 107 132 1 night 42 126 152 1 week 66 131 137 146 231

It can be seen that whereas comparative example 1 shows an extremelyfast drying, the actual Persoz hardness levels are low presumably due tosolvent entrapment in the system. Moreover, the appearance of thiscomparative example 1 is poor. Upon addition of low levels ofsuccinimide (slightly higher than the levels of catalyst used), someretardation of the drying is seen, but still giving drying timesconsidered as fast; however, it can also be observed that the Persozhardness development is strongly improved. Simultaneously, the examplefilms with succinimide exhibit a better appearance than comparativeexample 1.

Example formulations 5-7, and comparative example formulations 2-3 wereprepared as pigmented paints, having compositions as tabulated in TableC (amounts in grams).

TABLE C Code Ex5 Ex6 Ex7 Comp2 Comp3 Sartomer SR355 38.19 38.19 38.1938.19 39.19 Disperbyk 163 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 Kronos 2310 80.1280.12 80.12 80.12 80.12 malonate polyester A 58.70 67.69 67.69 58.7067.69 Sartomer SR 355 4.22 1.15 1.15 4.22 4.22 EtAcAc 4.81 0.00 0.004.81 0.00 Byk 310/315 [1:4 by 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 mass] succinimide0.79 0.79 1.58 0.00 0.00 BuAc 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.52 2.52 MEK 7.20 7.207.20 7.20 7.20 catalyst solution C2 9.34 9.34 9.34 9.34 9.34 recorderdrying time 14 15 44 4.3 8 (min) potlife (min) 39 35 37 17 29 Persozhardness (sec) 147 147 145 85 66 after 24 h (50 mu dry film)

Pot life of these pigmented paints were measured, and drying times ofthese paints drawn onto glass panels were determined with a dryingrecorder. These paints were also applied by spraying onto a steel panelto obtain gradient film thickness panel. Persoz hardness at 50 mu dryfilm thickness was determined after 24 hr RT cure; microscope pictureswere taken of the resulting coatings on these panels at approximately100 mu dry film thickness (Appendix: Photographs). Also, pot life ofthese paints were measured. Results are included in table C.

It can be observed from a comparison of comparative example 3 withexamples 6 and 7, that the addition of succinimide to the formulationgives clear advantages in Persoz hardness build-up, and some advantagein pot life. Example 7, with a higher level of succinimide, shows asignificant increase in drying time, the 44 minute value can howeverstill be considered as an acceptable to good value. Appearance of panelsfrom examples 6 and 7 is much better than that of panels fromcomparative example 3, as can be judged from comparing the microscopephotographs, comparative example 3 showing many more detects (AppendixPhotographs).

Similar conclusions can be drawn from a comparison of comparativeexample 2, with example 5, now based on a formulation with acetoacetateincluded besides malonate as RMA donor groups. Example 5 (withsuccinimide added) exhibits higher Persoz hardness, a better pot life,and a better appearance (Appendix: Photographs) than comparative example2 (not containing succinimide).

Example 8 was prepared and evaluated in a similar way as discussed abovefor example 5-7, the composition and results given below in table D(amounts in grams). It can be seen that the additional presence of1,2,4-triazole (when compared to example 6) leads to a significantimprovement in pot-life, other advantages being retained.

TABLE D Code Ex8 Sartomer SR355 38.19 Disperbyk 163 2.39 Kronos 231080.12 Malonate polyester A 67.69 Sartomer SR 355 1.15 EtAcAc 0.00 Byk310/315 [1:4 by mass] 0.60 1,2,4-triazole 0.96 Succinimide (s) 0.79 BuAc2.52 MEK 7.20 catalyst solution C2 9.34 recorder drying time (min) 16Potlife (min) 70 Persoz hardness (sec) after 24 h (50 147 mu dry film)

Example formulations 9 and 10, and comparative example formulations 4and 5 were formulated and evaluated along similar lines, now alsoincluding Wavescan analysis to have a quantitative indication of thequality of the appearance. Compositions and results are given in Table E(amounts in grams).

TABLE E Code Ex9 Ex10 Comp4 Comp5 Sartomer 19.07 19.07 19.07 19.07Disperbyk 163 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19 Kronos 2310 40.01 40.01 40.01 40.01Malonate polyester A 29.35 33.85 29.35 33.85 Sartomer SR 355 2.11 0.582.11 0.58 EtAcAc 2.41 — 2.41 — Byk 310/315 [1:4 by mass] 0.30 0.30 0.300.30 Succinimide 0.40 0.40 — — BuAc 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.26 MEK 3.60 3.603.60 3.60 Catalyst solution C2 4.67 4.67 4.67 4.67 Persoz hardness (s)at 50μ 122 125 97 93 Layer thickness (μ) 51 56 58 58 du (dullness) 6.306.40 8.80 11.30 Longwave 3.80 1.90 5.30 7.80 Shortwave 2.20 6.40 18.2024.10 DOI (Dorigon) 94.10 93.90 91.50 88.40 Layer thickness (μ) 92 93 9286 du (dullness) 5.90 8.70 11.60 23.40 Longwave 1.00 3.70 11.50 25.10Shortwave 9.50 24.90 29.70 60.60 DOI (Dorigon) 94.10 90.20 88.10 74.90

Example formulation 9 can be compared with comparative formulationexample 4, example formulation 10 can be compared with comparativeformulation example 5, difference being the presence of low amounts ofsuccinimide. It can from both comparisons be concluded that the presenceof succinimide, besides the improved Persoz hardness, leads tosignificantly improved values for longwave and shortwave roughness,dullness and DOI.

Example 11 Impact on Conversion Kinetics

The conversion of the acryloyls in the system can be followed by FTIR,focusing on the 809 cm−1 band characteristic of the acryloyl. Doingthat, the impact of added succinimide on total conversion can be madevisible. Two systems were formulated (according to compositions ofcomparative example 1 (without succinimide) and example formulation 1(with 150% succinimide relative to solids). FIG. 1 compares theconversion of these systems after application on top of an ATR crystal,the IR beam probing the deepest layers, close to the substrate. Initialconversion of the formulation without the succinimide is fast, which isalso the cause for solvent entrapment and potential appearance problems.It can be seen that the addition of succinimide, even at these very lowlevels, leads to a significant retardation of the initial conversion;simultaneously, it illustrates that after this initial retardationperiod, the conversion rate is accelerating, so that the rate of curetowards higher conversions is still fast after this initial delay.

Example 12 Determination of Michael Addition Reactivity of Succinimide

5 grams of succinimide (50.5 mmole) were dissolved in a mixture of 42grams of butyl acrylate and 42 grams of methanol, and maintained at roomtemperature as such, or after adding a strong base (9.82 grams of a 1.12meq/g solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide in methanol, 11 meq).Subsequently, the concentration of succinimide is determined as afunction of time by taking samples, neutralizing with a known excess ofHCl in water, and backtitration with a KOH solution. Without baseinitiation, no significant loss of succinimide N—H in this solution isobserved in two weeks. With the base added, the succinimideconcentration can be seen to decrease with time, as illustrated in thetable F below. Succinimide concentration is expressed as % relative tothe theoretical level based on used amounts.

TABLE F Time (min) Succinimide remaining (%) 3 99 30 87 60 77 120 60 18048

At this catalyst level ([succinimide]/[base]=5), it takes about an hourto lose 25% of the succinimide acidic protons to be consumed. Underthese conditions, dimethylmalonate (instead of succinimide) would reactmuch faster with the acrylate.

THICK LAYERS EXAMPLES

Pot-Lift Measurement:

A flat bottomed test tube (internal diameter 15 mm, length 12.5 cm),carrying two marks, 5 cm apart is filled with 20 ml of paint. A steelball with a diameter of 8 mm is added, and the tube is closed with asnap cap. The tube is held under an angle of 10° and the steel ball isallowed to roll on the wall of the test tube. The time needed to rollbetween the two marks is taken as a measure for the viscosity. The timeneeded to double in viscosity is taken as the pot life. If necessarythis time is calculated by linear interpolation between twomeasurements. This method was used for the pigmented formulations.

Drying Time:

For determining the recorder drying time, paint was applied on a glasspanel with a doctor blade with a 90μ gap. The drying time was measuredwith a Gardco electronic drying time recorder, type DT-5020, set on acycle time of 60 minutes. Drying time was recorded as the time were thestylus left no more visible trace on the film.

Viscosity Measurement:

The viscosity of the resins was measured with a Physica MCR300viscosimeter, using measuring cone CP50-1 at 23° C.

Persoz Hardness Measurement:

Persoz pendulum hardness was measured in a climatized room at 23° C.,and 55+/−5% relative humidity. Hardness is measured with a pendulum acc.Persoz as described in ASTM D 4366. For the gradient layer thicknesspanels, hardness is measured at different spots and corresponding layerthickness is measured. If necessary the hardness at a certain layerthickness is calculated by linear interpolation of the measurement attwo different layer thicknesses.

Reported molecular weights were measured by GPC, and expressed inpolystyrene equivalent weights.

The following abbreviations were used for chemicals used in theexperiments: DiTMPTA is di-trimethylolpropane-tetraacrylate (obtainedfrom Aldrich, (MW=466 g/mol)) or used as Sartomer SR355 (commerciallyavailable by Sartomer); Disperbyk 163 is a dispersant commerciallysupplied by Byk; Byk 310 and 315 are additives commercially supplied byByK; Kronos 2310 is a TiO2 pigment commercially supplied by Kronos; TBAHis tetrabutylammonium hydroxide; BuAc is Butyl acetate, MEK is Methylethyl ketone (2-Butanone); EtAcAc is ethyl acetoacetate; DEC is diethylcarbonate; IPA is isopropanol; RT is room temperature.

Preparation of Resin A

Into a reactor provided with a distilling column filed with Raschigrings were brought 17.31 moles of neopentyl glycol, 8.03 moles ofhexahydrophthalic anhydride and 0.0047 moles of butyl stannoic acid. Themixture was polymerised at 240° C. under nitrogen to an acid value of0.2 mg KOH/g. The mixture was cooled down to 130° C. and 10.44 moles ofdiethylmalonate were added. The reaction mixture was heated to 170° C.and ethanol was removed under reduced pressure. The resin was cooleddown and diluted with 420 g of butyl acetate to a 90% solid content. Thefinal resin has an acid value of 0.3 mg KOH/g solids, a OH value of 20mg KOH/g solids and a weight average molecular weight of 3400 Da.

Preparation of Resin B

To 757 g of the resin A were added 45 g of butyl acetate. The mixturewas brought to 30° under stirring. At 30° C. 3.560 g of(S)-1-Phenylethylamine (ChiPros® ex BASF) were added. The funnel wasrinsed with 10 grams of butyl acetate which were added to the mixture.2.47 grams of hexamethylediisocyanate dissolved in 16.2 g of butylacetate were added drop wise through a funnel in 4 minutes undervigorous stirring (forming first sag control agent (SCA) by reactionwith the (S)-1-Phenylethylamine). The temperature rose to 38° C. Thefunnel was rinsed with 6.4 g of butyl acetate, which were added to themixture, which was kept stirring for 15 more minutes. Subsequently, 6.41grams of butyl amine were added (for forming the second SCA withhexamethylendiisocyanate) and the funnel was rinsed with 10 g of butylacetate. 5.06 g of hexamethylendiisocyanate, dissolved in 25.70 g ofbutyl acetate were added drop wise through a funnel in 15 minutes undervigorous stirring. The temperature rose to 45° C. The funnel was rinsedwith 10 g of butyl acetate which was added to the mixture. The mixturewas stirred for 10 minutes and then diluted with 50 of butyl acetate.The mixture was cooled under stirring to 35° C. The final resins had asolids content of 72.5%. The viscosity of the resin was 10 Pas at 1sec−1 and 0.58 Pas at 1000 sec−1.

Catalyst Solution C1

To 43.6 g of a 45% aqueous solution of tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxidewere added 36.6 g of isopropanol and 60 g of diethylcarbonate. Afterstanding overnight the mixture was filtered over paper and 14.5 g ofsuccinimid were dissolved in it.

Catalyst Solution C2

54.6 g of tetrabutylammonium succinimide (available from Sigma Aldrich)was dissolved in 45.4 g of isopropanol. Acid base titration gives aconcentration of 1.529 meq/g of product. This catalyst does not includea carbonate catalyst.

Catalyst Solution C3

A catalyst solution C3 was prepared as catalyst solution C1, except thatthe succinimide was omitted.

Example 1 Preparation of Paint 1

Paint 1 was made by dispersing 91.44 g of Kronos 2310 in 43.85 g ofSartomer SR355 with the aid of 2.73 g of Disperbyk 163. To this wereadded 29.94 g of the resin A and 46.17 g of the resin B. Subsequently,4.82 of Sartomer SR355 and 5.5 g of ethyl acetoacetate, 0.14 g of Byk310 and 0.55 g of Byk 315 were added. The paint was finally diluted with4.02 g of butylacetate and 9.37 g of methylethylketone. 11.58 g ofcatalyst solution C1 were stirred into 258.26 g of the paint 1. Themixture was sprayed on a 30×20 cm steel plate of 0.5 mm thickness tinplate into which were punched 12, 1 cm diameter holes, 2 cm apart. Thepaint was sprayed with increasing layer thickness. After spraying thepanel was kept vertically. The paint could be sprayed up to 150 micronas a haze free film without the production of tears on the borders ofthe holes.

Example 2 Preparation of Paint 2

Paint 2 was prepared in a similar way as paint 1, except that the 46.17g of resin B was entirely replaced by a mixture of 39.38 g of the resinA and 6.78 g of butylacetate, so paint 2 only contains resin A and byconsequence has no SCA. In a similar way catalyst C1 was added and thepaint 2 was sprayed in similar way. The coating developed a haze freefilm up to 150 micron but severe tears developed from a layer thicknessof 50 microns on.

Example 3 Preparation of Paint 3

Paint 3 was prepared the same way as paint 2, except that 1.6 g ofcatalyst solution C2 was added to 100 g of paint. The paint dried in ahaze- and wrinkle-free film, even at a thickness of up to 150 micron.The coating did develop tears from a layer thickness of 50 microns on.

Comparative Experiment Preparation of Paint CE1

Comparative paint CE1 was prepared similar to paint 2, except that theethylacetoacetate was replaced by 4.5 g of resin A. 4.16 g of catalystsolution C3 was added to the paint CE1 and sprayed in a similar fashionas the paint 1. Not only developed the paint tears from a thickness of50 micron on, it also showed pronounced wrinkling at layer thicknessesof 60 micron and higher.

Overview Re Paint Compositions and Catalyst Solution

acetoacetate Succinimide SCA Appearance Paint 1 yes yes yes Nowrinkling, no sagging up to 150 mu Paint 2 yes yes no No wrinkling up to150 mu, sagging from 50 mu Paint 3 yes TBA- no No wrinkling up to 150Succinimide mu, sagging from 50 mu CE1 No no no wrinkling from 60 mu andsagging from 50 mu

Example 4

Formulations were prepared, spray-applied to bonder panels and dried atRT. The appearance of the panels was analyzed with a Byk Wavescaninstrument. Pendulum hardness (in sec, after 1 day), andlongwave/shortwave numbers (lower is better) are reported in the tablebelow, along with composition data. The catalyst solution was similar toC-1, with a concentration of 0.7 meq/g; thinner used was a 1:1 (by wt)mixture of butylacetate and MEK. The advantageous effect of theformulations according to the invention on appearance can be seen.

COMP A B C D E Sartomer SR355 177.0 175.3 172.3 171.9 171.2 170.5Disperbyk 163 11.1 11.0 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.7 Kronos 2310 371.0 367.7361.3 360.5 359.0 357.5 Resin A 298.0 218.7 237.0 236.5 235.5 234.5 SCAresin B 0.0 91.1 98.8 98.6 98.2 97.8 Sartomer SR355 17.0 16.8 5.7 5.75.7 5.7 EtAcAc 16.5 16.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Byk 310/315 2.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.03.0 [1:4] Succinimide 0.0 4.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 Benzotriazole 0.0 0.0 2.24.4 8.6 12.5 MEK 33.0 33.1 36.0 35.9 35.8 35.6 BuAc 11.7 11.6 12.6 12.612.5 12.5 PrOH 5.6 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.9 Thinner 46.2 45.9 50.0 49.9 49.749.5 catalyst solution 25.0 24.7 23.2 23.2 23.1 23.0 (0.7 meq/g) layerthickness (μm) hardness 75 73.9 71.7 75 74.7 77.1 Persoz 50 134 127 128124 130 Longwave 17 2.4 5.5 4.5 3.8 2.9 Shortwave 35 11.7 17.9 15.5 9.88.5 layer thickness (μm) hardness 144 142 143 143 150 Persoz 64 65 67 6776 Longwave 2.2 2.3 2.1 1.4 2.1 Shortwave 12 11.4 9.9 7.6 14.7

Further modifications in addition to those described above may be madeto the structures and techniques described herein without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, although specificembodiments have been described, these are examples only and are notlimiting upon the scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An RMA crosslinkable composition for making thickcoating layers comprising reactive components A and B each comprising atleast 2 reactive groups wherein the at least 2 reactive groups ofcomponent A are RMA donor group being C—H acidic protons in activatedmethylene or methine groups, and the at least 2 reactive groups ofcomponent B are RMA acceptor group being activated C═C unsaturatedgroups, to achieve crosslinking by Real Michael Addition reaction, saidcomposition further comprising a base catalyst C, an X—H groupcontaining component D, of a nature different from A, that is also aMichael addition donor reactable with component B under the action ofbase catalyst C, wherein X is C, N, P, O or S and a sag controlcomponent E, wherein the X—H group of component D being characterized bya pKa, defined in aqueous environment, of at least one unit, less thanthat of the dominant type of C—H groups in component A.
 2. Thecrosslinkable composition according to claim 1, in which the RMAacceptor groups B are acryloyl groups.
 3. The crosslinkable compositionaccording to claim 1, in which the RMA donor groups A originate for morethan 50% from malonate groups.
 4. The crosslinkable compositionaccording to claim 1, wherein the pKa of the X—H group in component D islower than
 13. 5. The crosslinkable composition according to claim 1,wherein component D is selected from one or more components from thegroup of a. component D(1) comprising C—H acidic protons, X is C, inactivated methylene, methyl or methine groups, b. component D(2)comprising N—H acidic compound, X is N.
 6. The crosslinkable compositionaccording to claim 5 wherein component D(1) is an acetoacetate and/oracetylacetone.
 7. The crosslinkable composition according to claim 1wherein N—H group containing component D contains the N—H group as partof a group Ar—NH—(C═O)—, —(C═O)—NH—(C═O)—, or of a group —NH—(O═S═O)— oris a heterocycle in which the nitrogen of the N—H group is contained ina heterocyclic ring.
 8. The crosslinkable composition according to claim7, wherein component D is chosen from the group of imide derivatives,cyclic imide derivatives, succinimide or glutarimide, hydantoinderivatives, 5,5-dimethylhydantoin, sulfonamide, aromatic sulfonamide,benzene- or toluenesulfonamide, N—H group containing heterocycles,triazole, benzotriazole, pyrazole, nitro-imidazoles or uracil.
 9. Thecrosslinkable composition according to claim 1 wherein C—H groups incomponent D(1) are present in an amount between 5 and 50 mol % to totalRMA donor C—H.
 10. The crosslinkable composition according to claim 1comprising a. between 5 and 95 wt % of a component A with at least 2acidic protons C—H in activated methylene or methine, and b. between 5and 95 wt % of a component B with at least 2 activated unsaturatedgroups, wt % relative to the total weight of the crosslinkablecomposition, and c. a catalyst C that contains, or is able to generate abasic catalyst capable of activating the RMA reaction between componentsA and B, at levels of 0.0001 and 0.5 meq/g solid components, d.component D in an amount such that the amount of X—H in component D isat least 50 mole % relative to base generated by component C, and lessthan 30 mole % of C—H active groups from component A, e. a sag controlcomponent E.
 11. The crosslinkable composition according to claim 10further comprising additional different C—H containing component D(1) inan amount such that the amount of C—H groups in component D(1) arepresent in an amount between 5 and 50 mol % to total RMA donor C—H. 12.The crosslinkable composition according to claim 10 further comprisingbetween 0.1 and 80 wt % of an organic solvent.
 13. The crosslinkablecomposition according to claim 10 further comprising at least 1 wt % ofa primary alcohol and between 0.1 and 10 wt % water.
 14. A kit of partsfor the manufacture of the composition according to claim 1 comprising apart 1 comprising components A and B and part 2 comprising component Cand D or part 1 comprising components A, B and D and part 2 comprisingcomponent C.
 15. A coating composition comprising the crosslinkingcomposition according to claim 1 and further comprising one or morecoating additives, pigments, co-binder, solvents.
 16. A RMA coatingadditive mixture comprising two or more different X—H group containingcomponents D that are Michael addition donor reactable with a componentB comprising at least 2 RMA acceptor groups being activated C═Cunsaturated groups under the action of a base catalyst C, wherein X isC, N, P, O or S, comprising a. one or more components D1 comprising C—Hacidic protons in activated methylene or methine groups, and b. one ormore components D different from component D1.
 17. The RMA coatingadditive mixture according to claim 16, wherein the one or morecomponents D1 comprises C—H acidic protons in substituted orunsubstituted acetoacetate or acetoacetyl groups and the one or morecomponents D comprises N—H containing components D2.
 18. A method forthe manufacture of coating compositions, films or inks using thecrosslinkable composition according to claim 1.